Improving the Radiance Assimilation Performance in Estimating Snow Water Storage across Snow and Land-Cover Types in North America

Continental-scale snow radiance assimilation (RA) experiments are conducted in order to improve snow es- timates across snow and land-cover types in North America. In the experiments, the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter is applied and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) brightness temperature TB observations are assimilated into an RA system composed of the Com- munity Land Model, version 4 (CLM4); radiative transfer models (RTMs); and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). The performance of two snowpack RTMs, the Dense Media Radiative Transfer–Multi-Layers model (DMRT-ML), and the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) in improving snow depth estimates through RA is compared. Continental-scale snow estimates are enhanced through RA by using AMSR-E TB at the 18.7- and 23.8-GHz channels [3% (DMRT-ML) and 2% (MEMLS) improvements compared to the cases using the 18.7- and 36.5-GHz channels] and by considering the vegetation single-scattering albedo v [2.5% (DMRT-ML) and 4.8% (MEMLS) improvements compared to the cases neglecting v]. The contribution of TB of the vegetation canopy to TB at the top of the atmosphere is better represented by considering v in the RA system, and improvements in the resulting snow depth are evident for the forest land-cover type (about 5%–11%) and the taiga and alpine snow classes (about 5%–11% and 4%–8%, respectively), especially in the MEMLS case. Compared to the open-loop run (0.171-m snow depth RMSE), about 7% (DMRT-ML) and 10% (MEMLS) overall improvements of the RA performance are achieved.